It was also quite long, reaching below the hips and covering most of the arms. only on artistic and some literary sources because of the lack of archaeological examples, some believe that it was a heavy leather jacket with metal scales sewn onto it. There is some dispute among historians as to what exactly constituted the Carolingian byrnie. Noting that the byrnie was the "most highly valued piece of armour" to the Carolingian soldier, Bennet, Bradbury, DeVries, Dickie, and Jestice indicate that: A layer (or layers) of mail sandwiched between layers of fabric is called a jazerant.Ī waist-length coat in medieval Europe was called a byrnie, although the exact construction of a byrnie is unclear, including whether it was constructed of mail or other armour types.
A shirt made from mail is a hauberk if knee-length and a haubergeon if mid-thigh length. A mail collar hanging from a helmet is a camail or aventail. The standard terms for European mail armour derive from French: leggings are called chausses, a hood is a mail coif, and mittens, mitons. In early medieval Europe "byrn(ie)" was the equivalent of a "coat of mail"Ĭivilizations that used mail invented specific terms for each garment made from it. The first attestations of the word mail are in Old French and Anglo-Norman: maille, maile, or male or other variants, which became mailye, maille, maile, male, or meile in Middle English. The Arabic words "burnus", برنوس, a burnoose a hooded cloak, also a chasuble (worn by Coptic priests) and "barnaza", برنز, to bronze, suggest an Arabic influence for the Carolingian armour known as " byrnie" (see below). In modern French, maille refers to a loop or stitch. Another theory relates the word to the old French maillier, meaning to hammer (related to the modern English word malleable). One theory is that it originally derives from the Latin word macula, meaning spot or opacity (as in macula of retina). The origins of the word mail are not fully known. Mail continues to be used in the 21st century as a component of stab-resistant body armour, cut-resistant gloves for butchers and woodworkers, shark-resistant wetsuits for defense against shark bites, and a number of other applications. Herodotus wrote that the ancient Persians wore scale armour, but mail is also distinctly mentioned in the Avesta, the ancient holy scripture of the Persian religion of Zoroastrianism that was founded by the prophet Zoroaster in the 5th century BC. Mail spread to North Africa, West Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, Tibet, South East Asia, and Japan. Mail may have been inspired by the much earlier scale armour. Its invention is commonly credited to the Celts, but there are examples of Etruscan pattern mail dating from at least the 4th century BC. The earliest examples of surviving mail were found in the Carpathian Basin at a burial in Horný Jatov, Slovakia dated in the 3rd century BC, and in a chieftain's burial located in Ciumești, Romania. If you have any additional questions, we would suggest visiting the website mentioned above for more information and the complete list of substances that require warnings under Proposition-65.Fresco of an ancient Macedonian soldier ( thorakites) wearing mail armour and bearing a thureos shield We hope that this explains things a little more clearly. Brass is a metal alloy consisting of copper, zinc and small amounts of lead, which is what triggers the “lead” warning under California Proposition-65 since lead has been shown to cause cancer when it is ingested. One of the materials listed is lead, and because most light fixtures contain brass in the sockets or in the frames of the shades, we are required to put this warning label on our light fixtures.
There are currently almost 1,000 substances on the Proposition-65 list, ranging from cigarette smoke and asbestos to aspirin and wood dust. Recent amendments to this law require any retailers selling to California residents to list this warning on their website. Under this regulation, California law requires businesses to provide warnings for products containing chemicals that the state of California has identified as carcinogens or reproductive toxins. For more information, go to The warning listed on our website is in accordance with a law implemented by the state of California called Proposition-65. ⚠️ WARNING: This product can expose you to materials which are known to the State of California to cause cancer and reproductive harm.
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How to Size & Hang a Chandelier: Tips & FAQsĬalifornia Residents See PROP 65 WARNINGS.
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